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PHP是单继承的语言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出现之前,PHP的类无法同时从两个基类继承属性或方法。php的Traits和Go语言的组合功能类似,通过在类中使用use关键字声明要组合的Trait名称,而具体某个Trait的声明使用trait关键词,Trait不能直接实例化
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 <?php trait Drive { public $carName = 'trait' ; public function driving ( ) { echo "driving {$this->carName} \n" ; } } class Person { public function eat ( ) { echo "eat\n" ; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive ; public function study ( ) { echo "study\n" ; } } $student = new Student();$student ->study();$student ->eat();$student ->driving();
输出结果: study eat driving trait 上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了eat方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName。
如果Trait、基类和本类中都存在某个同名的属性或者方法,最终会保留哪一个呢?通过下面的代码测试一下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 <?php trait Drive { public function hello ( ) { echo "hello drive\n" ; } public function driving ( ) { echo "driving from drive\n" ; } } class Person { public function hello ( ) { echo "hello person\n" ; } public function driving ( ) { echo "driving from person\n" ; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive ; public function hello ( ) { echo "hello student\n" ; } } $student = new Student();$student ->hello();$student ->driving()
输出结果如下:
hello student driving from drive
因此得出结论:当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。
如果要组合多个Trait,通过逗号分隔 Trait名称:
如果多个Trait中包含同名方法或者属性时,会怎样呢?答案是当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 <?php trait Trait1 { public function hello ( ) { echo "Trait1::hello\n" ; } public function hi ( ) { echo "Trait1::hi\n" ; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello ( ) { echo "Trait2::hello\n" ; } public function hi ( ) { echo "Trait2::hi\n" ; } } class Class1 { use Trait1 , Trait2 ; }
结果:
PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
使用insteadof和as操作符来解决冲突,insteadof是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as是给方法取一个别名,具体用法请看代码:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 <?php trait Trait1 { public function hello ( ) { echo "Trait1::hello\n" ; } public function hi ( ) { echo "Trait1::hi\n" ; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello ( ) { echo "Trait2::hello\n" ; } public function hi ( ) { echo "Trait2::hi\n" ; } } class Class1 { use Trait1 , Trait2 { Trait2 ::hello insteadof Trait1 ; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; } } class Class2 { use Trait1 , Trait2 { Trait2 ::hello insteadof Trait1 ; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; Trait2::hi as hei; Trait1::hello as hehe; } } $Obj1 = new Class1();$Obj1 ->hello();$Obj1 ->hi();echo "\n" ;$Obj2 = new Class2();$Obj2 ->hello();$Obj2 ->hi();$Obj2 ->hei();$Obj2 ->hehe();
输出结果如下:
Trait2::hello Trait1::hi
Trait2::hello Trait1::hi Trait2::hi Trait1::hello
as关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法的访问控制:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 <?php trait Hello { public function hello ( ) { echo "hello,trait\n" ; } } class Class1 { use Hello { hello as protected ; } } class Class2 { use Hello { Hello ::hello as private hi ; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1 ->hello(); $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2 ->hello(); $Obj2 ->hi();
Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法,测试代码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 <?php trait Hello { public function sayHello ( ) { echo "Hello\n" ; } } trait World { use Hello ; public function sayWorld ( ) { echo "World\n" ; } abstract public function getWorld ( ) ; public function inc ( ) { static $c = 0 ; $c = $c + 1 ; echo "$c \n" ; } public static function doSomething ( ) { echo "Doing something\n" ; } } class HelloWorld { use World ; public function getWorld ( ) { return 'get World' ; } } $Obj = new HelloWorld();$Obj ->sayHello();$Obj ->sayWorld();echo $Obj ->getWorld() . "\n" ;HelloWorld::doSomething();\ $Obj ->inc();$Obj ->inc();
输出结果如下:
Hello World get World Doing something 1 2
http://tabalt.net/blog/php-traits/ https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47269922/php-traits-how-to-circumvenient-constructors-or-force-them-to-be-called